1. Prepare tea warmer

Gaiwan (lidded bowl), Yixing teapot, and glass teaware are all suitable.
Warm the cup with boiling water before brewing.

II. Adding tea leaves and shaking to release aroma

We recommend using 3-5 grams of tea leaves, but this can be adjusted according to personal taste. After adding the tea leaves, gently shake the container to release their aroma.

III. Brewing and Drinking

Let the boiling water cool to around 80 degrees Celsius. We recommend a gentle, slow brewing method, pouring water gently over the tea leaves to allow them to be evenly moistened and unfurled, resulting in a balanced flavor and aroma in the tea.

The first two infusions should be poured out within 2 seconds, the third within 3 seconds, and subsequent infusions can be poured out within a certain time. The aroma will linger after 7 infusions.

Brewing tips:

1. Always brew at a low temperature . If boiling water (100℃) is used for the first infusion, the tea tends to taste strong and bitter. Due to the characteristics of oral perception, even if the water temperature is appropriate in subsequent infusions, the tea will still feel bland. Therefore, using boiling water for the first brew will deprive you of the tea’s original wonderful experience.
This tip applies to all high-grade Chinese teas made from "tender buds and leaves", such as Mengding Ganlu and Biluochun. Generally speaking, the more delicate the buds, the lower the water temperature required; the coarser the leaves, the higher the water temperature can be.

2.A single serving of tea should be fully brewed within 20 minutes. If you can’t finish the brewed tea right away, store the tea infusion in a container. When you want to drink it again, reheat the previously poured infusion—in an instant, the room will fill with its enchanting, intoxicating aroma.

Do not leave the wet tea leaves (after steeping) in the gaiwan for an extended period (e.g., 1–2 hours) before re-steeping. This is because prolonged exposure leads to increased oxidation: tea polyphenols oxidize more deeply, the original fresh and brisk flavor fades, and aromatic compounds evaporate, resulting in a dull, tasteless brew. Such a method would reduce a rare, exceptional tea to a lackluster drinking experience.

This guideline applies to all highly aromatic Chinese teas.

Note: An exception exists for aged Chinese teas, as well as those with heavy roasting or strong fermentation. These can be steeped for longer periods, brewed slowly, or even simmered.

Part 1: The Effects of Alkaline Water on Tea

1. Effects on the color of tea liquor

green tea:

Under alkaline conditions, chlorophyll is easily destroyed (chlorophyll stability decreases at pH > 8.0) , causing the tea liquor color to easily change from bright green to yellow or dark yellow, resulting in turbidity , especially noticeable when brewed at high temperatures. Flavonoids (such as catechins) in green tea are easily oxidized in an alkaline environment, exacerbating the darkening of the tea liquor color.

black tea:

Theaflavins (bright orange-yellow) are easily oxidized to thearubigins (dark red) under alkaline conditions, and further generate dark brown, causing the soup color to change from bright red to dark and lose its transparency .

Other types of tea:

The color of oolong tea, white tea, and yellow tea may be darker due to alkaline water. The color of black tea (such as ripe Pu-erh) will become more turbid, and the color stability of aged aroma substances will also be affected .

2. Impact on taste and texture

Analysis reveals differences:

Tea polyphenols and caffeine: lead to insufficient concentration and bland taste . An alkaline environment inhibits the dissolution of tea polyphenols (bitter substances) and caffeine, reducing the bitterness of the tea soup.

Amino acids and sugars: Disruption of amino acid structure reduces the freshness and crispness.

Mineral influence: Alkaline hard water (containing more calcium and magnesium ions) combines with tea polyphenols to form insoluble precipitates (such as "cloudiness after cooling"), resulting in cloudy tea soup and a rough taste .

Balance of taste: It significantly affects the "richness" of tea soup for teas that rely on polyphenols to support their taste (such as raw Pu-erh tea and high-roasted rock tea), with no noticeable aftertaste and an overall taste that is bland and coarse .

3. Effects on aroma

Volatile aromatic substances: An alkaline environment may accelerate the degradation or transformation of aromatic substances (such as aldehydes and alcohols), resulting in a single aroma profile, especially in light-aroma teas (such as jasmine tea and Anji white tea), where the floral fragrance dissipates easily and may even develop a "mushy" taste.

Aged aroma and woody aroma: For fermented teas such as black tea and aged Pu'er, alkaline water may slightly highlight the aged aroma (pH>8.0) and suppress the fruity or honey aroma.

Second: The adaptability of different types of tea to water quality

1. The interaction between the physicochemical properties of water and tea components

1. Hard water (>120 mg/L CaCO₃) : Calcium ions combine with tea polyphenols to form precipitates, reducing the astringency of tea soup (EGCG binding rate can reach 23%), but losing antioxidant activity (Food Chemistry, 2018); Magnesium ions promote caffeine dissolution, and every 1 mg/L increase in magnesium can increase the caffeine concentration by 0.8% (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2020).
2. Soft water (<60 mg/L CaCO₃) : Theaflavin dissolution rate increased by 12%, and the brightness of the tea soup increased (L* value increased by 3.2), but the amino acid extraction efficiency decreased (Food Research International, 2019).

2. Supported by scientific experimental data

1. Longjing green tea brewing experiment (TDS = 50 vs 300mg/L) : The amino acid content of the tea soup in the soft water group (1.2mg/mL) was significantly higher than that in the hard water group (0.8mg/mL), but the caffeine content was 18% lower (China Tea Processing, 2021); Sensory evaluation showed that the freshness score of the soft water group was 1.7 points higher (out of 9), while the body of the hard water group was 0.9 points higher.
2. Research on water quality suitability for Wuyi rock tea : Water containing trace amounts of sulfate (20-50 mg/L) can increase the dissolution of cinnamaldehyde, a characteristic aroma compound of cinnamon, by 24% (GC-MS detection), and significantly enhance the rocky aroma (Tea Science, 2020).

3. Water quality selection recommendations (based on tea)

4. Examples of the impact of special water quality

London tap water (high hardness) : When brewing black tea, the formation of oxalool-calcium complexes leads to "cold turbidity" appearing 30 minutes earlier, with the turbidity (NTU) of the tea reaching 12.5, which is significantly higher than that of the soft water group (NTU = 4.3) (Food Hydrocolloids, 2019).

Kagoshima hot spring water (containing sulfur) : Sulfides react with theaflavins to form methyl flavonoids, which reduces the umami intensity of sencha by 37% (*Journal of the Japanese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2022).

The quality of water from a particular source can enhance the color, aroma, and flavor of local tea, but using local water requires systematic professional knowledge and is very costly. For non-professionals, mastering the basic principles of "soft and clean water + temperature control" is far more practical than pursuing famous springs from their place of origin.

The precise matching of water and tea is essentially a dialogue of geographical genes, which needs to be built on a multidisciplinary system of geology, food chemistry, heat transfer and other disciplines, and cannot be covered in just a few lines of web pages.

The UK-based AquaSim laboratory has simulated 12 core indicators of Tiger Spring water. However, it lacks the original spring's microbial community (such as Nocardia tea-loving bacteria), resulting in a 27% difference in post-fermentation flavor. In addition, the operation is complex: it requires mastering the "listening to the spring while boiling water" method (stopping the fire immediately when the water first boils), and a temperature error of more than 3°C will disrupt the flavor balance.

Basic principles

Store in a sealed container in a clean, odorless, and dry environment, ideally below 25 degrees Celsius. Avoid light and moisture.

Note: Avoid opening the container frequently.

Every time the container is opened, the tea leaves come into contact with air and moisture, which accelerates the oxidation and deterioration of the tea.

Therefore, minimize the number of times you open the storage container.

Shelf life

The above storage conditions can be met for long-term storage.

1-year appreciation

Aroma: Compared to aged tea, the aroma is fresher, more invigorating, and more pronounced, with a noticeable floral and sweet fragrance, and a high degree of freshness.

Taste: Fresher and more vibrant than aged tea. Upon tasting, the robust inner qualities of the tea leaves are clearly perceptible, with a full-bodied flavor and a rapid and pronounced aftertaste.

Enjoy after 5 years or more of storage

Aroma: The floral and fruity aromas gradually fade, transforming into a rich and deep aged aroma, woody aroma, and camphor aroma, accompanied by a slight medicinal aroma.

Taste: The taste becomes increasingly mellow and smooth. After years of storage, the chemical composition of the tea leaves changes, and the content of irritating substances such as tea polyphenols decreases, resulting in a milder taste, a rich and mellow liquor, a long-lasting aftertaste, and a smooth and delicate flavor with a unique character.